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Conway’s Law in reverse: when organizations end up resembling the tools they adopt

There are laws that seem so obvious once you think about them that you wonder why no one ever looked for a solution or even thought that something had to be done about them. Melvin Conway's law, established in 1968, is one such law. He did not claim to revolutionize the science of management, but simply to describe a phenomenon that anyone with a modicum of objectivity would immediately recognize: systems designed by an organization always resemble that organization. Or, to put it in his own words: "Organizations which design...

The HiPPO principle: when opinion replaces decision-making

We thought we had replaced the power of the boss with highly rational approaches, particularly those based on data. A century of management science,...